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Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 9. Applications of Proteomics to the Management of Lung Cancer >
The assumption underlying the concept of proteomic biomarkers is that certain characteristics of proteomes are highly correlated with specific clinically relevant biological states. These characteristics include changes in expression levels ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 9. Applications of Proteomics to the Management of Lung Cancer >
Biomarker identification has been addressed by multiple proteomic technologies (Fig. 9.4). MALDI profiling is rapid, high throughput, but detects only the most abundant proteins of relatively low molecular weight, and ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 44. Radiation Treatment–Related Lung Damage >
Changes in both the pulmonary parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature contribute to radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis (Table 44.2), and these sequelae of lung irradiation arise from dynamic interactions among different cell ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 44. Radiation Treatment–Related Lung Damage >
A second approach to identifying at risk patients would be to identify the expression of cytokines, growth factors, or other factors during treatment that correlate with the later incidence of ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 47. Pharmacogenomics in Lung Cancer: Predictive Biomarkers for Chemotherapy >
The backbone of systemic treatment for both NSCLC and SCLC remains platinum-based chemotherapy.5,15 Among the platinum compounds, cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum, CDDP) is reported to have superior activity over carboplatin in NSCLC, ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 47. Pharmacogenomics in Lung Cancer: Predictive Biomarkers for Chemotherapy >
Paclitaxel and docetaxel bind to the beta subunit of tubulins, block microtubule disassembly, and lead to mitotic arrest and cell death.49 Conversely, vinca alkaloids bind tubulin but prevent microtubule polymerization, ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 65. Malignant Mesothelioma >
Measurement of tumor markers in effusions may provide a complementary tool to aid in effusion diagnosis. Although differential levels of CEA, cancer antigen (CA) 15.3, CA72.4, CA19.9, CA549, neuron-specific enolase, ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 13. Tobacco >
The term “biomarker” has varied meanings. In the cancer research field in particular, this term is often associated with early detection of cancer. That is not the context here. Merriam-Webster’s ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 18. Chemical factors >
The evaluation of dose and risk estimates in epidemiologic studies can include four components, namely, external exposure measurements, internal exposure measurements, biomarkers estimating the biologically effective dose, and biomarkers of ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 29. Assessment of Clinical Response >
Biomarkers have been developed for multiple purposes: for screening, for early detection of recurrent disease, and for monitoring response to systemic therapy (Table 29.3). Only the latter indication will be ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 53. Principles of Cancer Risk Reductive Intervention >
A biomarker is a characteristic that is measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic ­processes, or pharmacologic responses to therapeutic interventions.41 A surrogate end point for ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 57. Early Detection Using Proteomics >
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 57. Early Detection Using Proteomics >
The promise of tissue protein biomarkers to provide revolutionary diagnostic and therapeutic information will never be realized unless the problem of tissue protein biomarker instability is recognized and solved. Cells ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 57. Early Detection Using Proteomics >
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 62. Screening for Lung Cancer >
Although CT screening has generated the most clinical trial data, there have been efforts in a number of areas to define high-risk individuals and biomarkers for early detection. Genomewide association ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 89. Cancer of the Colon >
Oncogenes and molecular markers are discussed extensively in another chapter. At present none of the markers under investigation has achieved adequate validity to permit routine clinical use. However, the study ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 91. Cancer of the Anal Region >
It would be an oversimplification to state that clinical prognostic factors reflect the biological behavior of the disease in its entirety. Attempts have been made to assess molecular prognostic factors ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 97. Cancer of the Prostate >
Other parameters that have been reported to predict outcomes include the apoptotic index (rate of programmed cell death, measured by immunohistochemistry), proliferation rate measured by Ki67, p53, p27, E-cadherin, microvessel ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 110. Adrenal Tumors >
The molecular basis of adrenocortical carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Some insights into the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis have come from studies of specific inherited cancer syndromes, which have a high ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 111. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors >
A large number of antigens, commonly defined as neuroendocrine markers, are expressed in tumor cells.5 They comprise markers dispersed in the cytosol, such as neuron specific enolase (NSE) and protein ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 111. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors >
Several circulating tumor markers have been evaluated for the diagnosis and follow-up management of pNETs. Although these can be very useful for follow-up, isolated elevation of marker levels is generally ...
Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice
Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice
Chapter 3. Clinical Drug Development and Marketing Approval >
One of the more controversial trends in phase 1 trials is the inclusion of biomarker assays. Goulart et al. found that of 2,458 abstracts of phase 1 clinical trials submitted ...
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology
Chapter 53. Early Stage Breast Cancer >
In comparison with an explosion of data regarding molecular markers as risk factors for overall survival and distant metastasis in breast cancer, there are relatively few data relating molecular markers ...
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 21. Management of Other High Risk Patients >
Biomarker assessment in breast epithelial samples can potentially add precision to risk estimation, as discussed above; however, the validation of potential risk biomarkers has proved challenging. Molecular markers of risk ...
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Historically, women estimated to have poor prognosis have been recommended systemic therapies, whereas others expected to have a better outcome have been spared the toxic side effects of such treatments. ...
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
As suggested by the definition above, some markers are thought to be purely prognostic, some are purely predictive, and some are both prognostic and predictive, providing insight into both natural ...
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
It is important to consider how to interpret the hundreds of biologic markers in the published literature to assess their importance as prognostic or predictive factors. In a review of ...
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Many other biologic markers have been evaluated for potential clinical utility. These include many other markers of proliferation, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and mitosin (component of the ...
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
The prognosis of women with breast cancer is currently estimated based on the established prognostic markers, in particular nodal status, tumor size, histologic grade and subtype, and the rate of ...
Diseases of the Breast
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 51. Adjuvant Treatment of ERBB2 Positive Breast Cancer >
Interesting results have been presented regarding level of IHC and FISH positivity and benefit from trastuzumab (Table 51.4). Although only IHC 3+ and FISH + patients benefited significantly from the ...
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology
Chapter 17. Cancer Clinical Trials: Design, Conduct, Analysis, and Reporting >
Molecularly targeted therapies are an increasingly important focus of clinical oncologic research in adults and in pediatrics. The proper design and interpretation of these trials is complex and is an ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 24. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics >
The treatment-by-marker interaction design (Fig. 24.2) uses the marker status as a stratification factor and randomizes patients in the marker-defined subgroups between experimental and control arms. The fundamental difference between ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 25. In Vitro Companion Diagnostic and Anti-Cancer Drug Co-Development: Regulatory Perspectives >
There is a misperception that a biomarker and an IVD are the same. A biomarker12 has been defined as an analyte (or group of analytes or features) that is measurable ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 25. In Vitro Companion Diagnostic and Anti-Cancer Drug Co-Development: Regulatory Perspectives >
Some biomarkers can discriminate normal from diseased states (i.e., diagnostic biomarkers), while others predict the likely course of disease progression (i.e., prognostic biomarkers), response to therapy (i.e., predictive biomarkers), or ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 29. Molecular Diagnostics of Esophageal and Gastric Cancers >
Many molecules and genes have been identified as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in patients with gastric cancer through transcriptome dissection by using microarray and other techniques. Serial analysis of ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 29. Molecular Diagnostics of Esophageal and Gastric Cancers >
Although conventional serum tumor markers such as SCC antigen and CYFRA21-1 (fragment of CK19) have been used clinically as biomarkers, they have low sensitivity and low specificity. To search for ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 51. New Approaches to Integration of Personalized Medicine in Early Cancer Drug Development >
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 51. New Approaches to Integration of Personalized Medicine in Early Cancer Drug Development >
Developing biomarkers for patient selection is a key step toward personalized medicine. This requires the acquisition of patient tissue/samples which includes blood (plasma/serum/PBMCs [peripheral blood mononuclear cells]) or tumor tissue ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 59. Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer: Current Status and Proposed Strategies >
Pharmaceutical sponsors have been impacted by several failed clinical trials in unselected pancreatic cancer populations and are increasingly adopting the biomarker-based approach for further investigation. In pancreatic cancer, tissue-based correlative ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 65. Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma >
With the advent of molecularly targeted therapies for RCC, identification of prognostic and predictive molecular-based biomarkers is currently an important area of basic science and clinical research. There have been ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 69. New Approaches to Personalized Medicine and Targeted Drug Discovery >
Cancer is a genetic disease, harboring somatically acquired driver mutations that can manifest at many molecular levels. A genetic mutation is a blueprint for the expression of a protein or ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 69. New Approaches to Personalized Medicine and Targeted Drug Discovery >
The generation of molecular profiles using the technologies described previously is the basis for biomarker identification in personalized medicine. In the context of drug discovery, biomarkers can be exploited as ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 4. Anatomy and Pathology of Prostate Cancer >
As in other malignancies, the field of biomarkers in prostate cancer has rapidly evolved in the past decade. During that time, several technologies have arisen to allow high-throughput evaluation of ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 4. Anatomy and Pathology of Prostate Cancer >
Given the proximity of the urethra and bladder to the prostate, the urine has also become a target for the identification of clinically useful biomarkers in men with prostate cancer. ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 16. Pathology and Cytology of Tumors of the Urinary Tract >
The sensitivity of urine cytology for urothelial carcinoma reported in the literature varies from 20 to 53%, when considering all grades of urothelial carcinoma. These findings reflect the low accuracy ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 18. Screening, Early Detection, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer >
The recent emergence of sensitive markers for bladder cancer has provided new opportunities for early bladder cancer detection. There are currently more than 20 UBMs in various stages of development, ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 40. Molecular and Clinical Prognostic Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma >
Classic prognostic indicators such as TNM stage, Fuhrman grade, and RCC histology have been inadequate to stratify patients into risk groups for the development of metastases. Advances in molecular techniques ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 40. Molecular and Clinical Prognostic Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma > Molecular Markers
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