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biological markers
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All Topics (50)
anal carcinoma (1)
antimitotic drugs (1)
bladder cancer (1)
breast cancer (1)
breast cancer (6)
breast cancer, historical perspective of (1)
breast epithelial samples, evaluation in (1)
cancer prevention and (1)
carbonic anhydrase (1)
carcinogens and (1)
cell proliferation (1)
clinical trials (1)
clinical trials and (1)
discovery (1)
effects (1)
esophageal cancer and (1)
evaluation and validation methods (1)
gastric cancer and (1)
identification (2)
lab tests (1)
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platinum resistance (1)
prognostic and predictive factors (1)
prognostic versus predictive effects (1)
prostate cancer (1)
prostate cancer (1)
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radiation-induced lung damage and (1)
relapse (1)
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risk prediction of radiation-induced lung damage (1)
sample acquisition (1)
smoking and (1)
targeted therapy and (1)
tissue protein (1)
trastuzumab benefit and (1)
treatment response (1)
urinary (1)
urine (2)
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Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 9. Applications of Proteomics to the Management of Lung Cancer >
Biomarkers
The assumption underlying the concept of proteomic biomarkers is that certain characteristics of proteomes are highly correlated with specific clinically relevant biological states. These characteristics include changes in expression levels ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 9. Applications of Proteomics to the Management of Lung Cancer >
Approaches to Biomarker Discovery Using Proteomics
Biomarker identification has been addressed by multiple proteomic technologies (Fig. 9.4). MALDI profiling is rapid, high throughput, but detects only the most abundant proteins of relatively low molecular weight, and ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 44. Radiation Treatment–Related Lung Damage >
Biological Basis of Radiation-Induced Lung Damage
Changes in both the pulmonary parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature contribute to radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis (Table 44.2), and these sequelae of lung irradiation arise from dynamic interactions among different cell ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 44. Radiation Treatment–Related Lung Damage >
Circulating Biomarkers
A second approach to identifying at risk patients would be to identify the expression of cytokines, growth factors, or other factors during treatment that correlate with the later incidence of ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 47. Pharmacogenomics in Lung Cancer: Predictive Biomarkers for Chemotherapy >
Biomarkers of Platinum Resistance
The backbone of systemic treatment for both NSCLC and SCLC remains platinum-based chemotherapy.5,15 Among the platinum compounds, cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum, CDDP) is reported to have superior activity over carboplatin in NSCLC, ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 47. Pharmacogenomics in Lung Cancer: Predictive Biomarkers for Chemotherapy >
Biomarkers for Antimitotic Drugs
Paclitaxel and docetaxel bind to the beta subunit of tubulins, block microtubule disassembly, and lead to mitotic arrest and cell death.49 Conversely, vinca alkaloids bind tubulin but prevent microtubule polymerization, ...
Principles & Practice of Lung Cancer
Chapter 65. Malignant Mesothelioma >
Biomarkers
Measurement of tumor markers in effusions may provide a complementary tool to aid in effusion diagnosis. Although differential levels of CEA, cancer antigen (CA) 15.3, CA72.4, CA19.9, CA549, neuron-specific enolase, ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 13. Tobacco >
Tobacco Carcinogen and Toxicant Biomarkers
The term “biomarker” has varied meanings. In the cancer research field in particular, this term is often associated with early detection of cancer. That is not the context here. Merriam-Webster’s ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 18. Chemical factors >
Biomarkers of Cancer Risk
The evaluation of dose and risk estimates in epidemiologic studies can include four components, namely, external exposure measurements, internal exposure measurements, biomarkers estimating the biologically effective dose, and biomarkers of ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 29. Assessment of Clinical Response >
Serial Biomarker Levels
Biomarkers have been developed for multiple purposes: for screening, for early detection of recurrent disease, and for monitoring response to systemic therapy (Table 29.3). Only the latter indication will be ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 53. Principles of Cancer Risk Reductive Intervention >
Biomarkers as Cancer Risk Reductive Intervention Targets and Efficacy End Points
A biomarker is a characteristic that is measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to therapeutic interventions.41 A surrogate end point for ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 57. Early Detection Using Proteomics >
Biomarker Proteomics
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 57. Early Detection Using Proteomics >
Protein Stability and Preanalytical Variability
The promise of tissue protein biomarkers to provide revolutionary diagnostic and therapeutic information will never be realized unless the problem of tissue protein biomarker instability is recognized and solved. Cells ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 57. Early Detection Using Proteomics >
Biomarker Discovery and Analysis
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 62. Screening for Lung Cancer >
Other Methods of Screening
Although CT screening has generated the most clinical trial data, there have been efforts in a number of areas to define high-risk individuals and biomarkers for early detection. Genomewide association ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 89. Cancer of the Colon >
Oncogenes and Molecular Markers
Oncogenes and molecular markers are discussed extensively in another chapter. At present none of the markers under investigation has achieved adequate validity to permit routine clinical use. However, the study ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 91. Cancer of the Anal Region >
Molecular
It would be an oversimplification to state that clinical prognostic factors reflect the biological behavior of the disease in its entirety. Attempts have been made to assess molecular prognostic factors ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 97. Cancer of the Prostate >
Molecular Markers
Other parameters that have been reported to predict outcomes include the apoptotic index (rate of programmed cell death, measured by immunohistochemistry), proliferation rate measured by Ki67, p53, p27, E-cadherin, microvessel ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 110. Adrenal Tumors >
Molecular Genetics and Markers of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
(updated 3/26/2012)
The molecular basis of adrenocortical carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Some insights into the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis have come from studies of specific inherited cancer syndromes, which have a high ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 111. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors >
Minimum Immunohistochemistry Markers
A large number of antigens, commonly defined as neuroendocrine markers, are expressed in tumor cells.5 They comprise markers dispersed in the cytosol, such as neuron specific enolase (NSE) and protein ...
Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology
Chapter 111. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors >
Serum Tumor Markers
Several circulating tumor markers have been evaluated for the diagnosis and follow-up management of pNETs. Although these can be very useful for follow-up, isolated elevation of marker levels is generally ...
Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice
Chapter 3. Clinical Drug Development and Marketing Approval >
Use of Biomarkers in Phase 1
One of the more controversial trends in phase 1 trials is the inclusion of biomarker assays. Goulart et al. found that of 2,458 abstracts of phase 1 clinical trials submitted ...
Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology
Chapter 53. Early Stage Breast Cancer >
Molecular Factors and Local Relapse
In comparison with an explosion of data regarding molecular markers as risk factors for overall survival and distant metastasis in breast cancer, there are relatively few data relating molecular markers ...
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 21. Management of Other High Risk Patients >
Biomarker Evaluation In Breast Epithelial Samples
Biomarker assessment in breast epithelial samples can potentially add precision to risk estimation, as discussed above; however, the validation of potential risk biomarkers has proved challenging. Molecular markers of risk ...
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Historical Perspective
Historically, women estimated to have poor prognosis have been recommended systemic therapies, whereas others expected to have a better outcome have been spared the toxic side effects of such treatments. ...
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Distinguishing Between Prognostic and Predictive Effects
As suggested by the definition above, some markers are thought to be purely prognostic, some are purely predictive, and some are both prognostic and predictive, providing insight into both natural ...
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Evaluation and Validation Methodologies
It is important to consider how to interpret the hundreds of biologic markers in the published literature to assess their importance as prognostic or predictive factors. In a review of ...
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Prognostic and Predictive Factors
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Other Factors
Many other biologic markers have been evaluated for potential clinical utility. These include many other markers of proliferation, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and mitosin (component of the ...
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 31. Prognostic and Predictive Markers >
Summary of Biologic Factors
The prognosis of women with breast cancer is currently estimated based on the established prognostic markers, in particular nodal status, tumor size, histologic grade and subtype, and the rate of ...
Diseases of the Breast
Chapter 51. Adjuvant Treatment of ERBB2 Positive Breast Cancer >
Benefit of Trastuzumab According to Immunohistochemistry, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, or Other Molecular Markers
Interesting results have been presented regarding level of IHC and FISH positivity and benefit from trastuzumab (Table 51.4). Although only IHC 3+ and FISH + patients benefited significantly from the ...
Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology
Chapter 17. Cancer Clinical Trials: Design, Conduct, Analysis, and Reporting >
Phase 3 Trials: Biomarker Targeted Trials
Molecularly targeted therapies are an increasingly important focus of clinical oncologic research in adults and in pediatrics. The proper design and interpretation of these trials is complex and is an ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 24. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics >
Treatment-by-Marker Interaction Design
The treatment-by-marker interaction design (Fig. 24.2) uses the marker status as a stratification factor and randomizes patients in the marker-defined subgroups between experimental and control arms. The fundamental difference between ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 25. In Vitro Companion Diagnostic and Anti-Cancer Drug Co-Development: Regulatory Perspectives >
Biomarker Versus IVD
There is a misperception that a biomarker and an IVD are the same. A biomarker12 has been defined as an analyte (or group of analytes or features) that is measurable ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 25. In Vitro Companion Diagnostic and Anti-Cancer Drug Co-Development: Regulatory Perspectives >
Biomarker Effects
Some biomarkers can discriminate normal from diseased states (i.e., diagnostic biomarkers), while others predict the likely course of disease progression (i.e., prognostic biomarkers), response to therapy (i.e., predictive biomarkers), or ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 29. Molecular Diagnostics of Esophageal and Gastric Cancers >
Novel Molecular Markers Identified through Transcriptome Dissection
Many molecules and genes have been identified as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in patients with gastric cancer through transcriptome dissection by using microarray and other techniques. Serial analysis of ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 29. Molecular Diagnostics of Esophageal and Gastric Cancers >
Novel Molecular Markers Identified through SAGE Data Analysis
Although conventional serum tumor markers such as SCC antigen and CYFRA21-1 (fragment of CK19) have been used clinically as biomarkers, they have low sensitivity and low specificity. To search for ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 51. New Approaches to Integration of Personalized Medicine in Early Cancer Drug Development >
The Use of Preclinical Models in Early Drug Development to Identify Predictive Biomarkers
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 51. New Approaches to Integration of Personalized Medicine in Early Cancer Drug Development >
The Challenges of Sample Acquisition in Early Biomarker Development
Developing biomarkers for patient selection is a key step toward personalized medicine. This requires the acquisition of patient tissue/samples which includes blood (plasma/serum/PBMCs [peripheral blood mononuclear cells]) or tumor tissue ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 59. Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer: Current Status and Proposed Strategies >
Biomarker Development in Personalized Therapies
Pharmaceutical sponsors have been impacted by several failed clinical trials in unselected pancreatic cancer populations and are increasingly adopting the biomarker-based approach for further investigation. In pancreatic cancer, tissue-based correlative ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 65. Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma >
Molecular Biomarkers and Genetic Profiling
With the advent of molecularly targeted therapies for RCC, identification of prognostic and predictive molecular-based biomarkers is currently an important area of basic science and clinical research. There have been ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 69. New Approaches to Personalized Medicine and Targeted Drug Discovery >
Enabling Technologies For Biomarker Discovery
Cancer is a genetic disease, harboring somatically acquired driver mutations that can manifest at many molecular levels. A genetic mutation is a blueprint for the expression of a protein or ...
Principles of Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Cancer Medicine
Chapter 69. New Approaches to Personalized Medicine and Targeted Drug Discovery >
Identification of Candidate Biomarkers For Guiding and Developing Therapy
The generation of molecular profiles using the technologies described previously is the basis for biomarker identification in personalized medicine. In the context of drug discovery, biomarkers can be exploited as ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 4. Anatomy and Pathology of Prostate Cancer >
Biomarkers
As in other malignancies, the field of biomarkers in prostate cancer has rapidly evolved in the past decade. During that time, several technologies have arisen to allow high-throughput evaluation of ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 4. Anatomy and Pathology of Prostate Cancer >
Urine Markers
Given the proximity of the urethra and bladder to the prostate, the urine has also become a target for the identification of clinically useful biomarkers in men with prostate cancer. ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 16. Pathology and Cytology of Tumors of the Urinary Tract >
Biomarkers
The sensitivity of urine cytology for urothelial carcinoma reported in the literature varies from 20 to 53%, when considering all grades of urothelial carcinoma. These findings reflect the low accuracy ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 18. Screening, Early Detection, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer >
Urine-Based Markers for Screening
The recent emergence of sensitive markers for bladder cancer has provided new opportunities for early bladder cancer detection. There are currently more than 20 UBMs in various stages of development, ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 40. Molecular and Clinical Prognostic Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma >
Molecular Markers
Classic prognostic indicators such as TNM stage, Fuhrman grade, and RCC histology have been inadequate to stratify patients into risk groups for the development of metastases. Advances in molecular techniques ...
Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 4e
Chapter 40. Molecular and Clinical Prognostic Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma > Molecular Markers
Perhaps, the most widely studied and promising marker is carbonic ...
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Journal Results from PubMed
Oncofetal gene SALL4 in aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma.
N. Engl. J. Med. | Jun 13, 2013
Reply to M A Khattak et al.
J. Clin. Oncol. | Apr 4, 2013
Hepatotoxicity with combination of vemurafenib and ipilimumab.
N. Engl. J. Med. | Apr 4, 2013
New cells in old hearts.
N. Engl. J. Med. | Apr 4, 2013
Intermittent versus continuous androgen deprivation in prostate cancer.
N. Engl. J. Med. | Apr 4, 2013
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